The foremost structure of the SEM, labeled the vertical lobe, comprises fourteen percent of the volume of the entire mass of an adult octopus (Maddock and Young, 1987).  In addition to this, the vertical lobe has over twenty-five million nerve cells, and is known as being the most influential center in terms of learning and memory in invertebrate neural structure (Young, 1963).  The brain areas associated with controlling arms and brachial centers are ventral, or towards the front of the brain while those controlling both the visceral organs and the mantle are dorsal, or towards the superior region (Shigeno et al., 2018). Squid brains are highly devoted to visual processing, more than eighty percent of their brain activities being devoted towards doing so. With this, squids have intricate nervous systems containing more than five-hundred million neurons, this differing from the far smaller twenty-thousand that normal molluscs obtain (Chung et al., 2020).  Paired central ganglia located above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eye of the squid.  Ganglia below this control the various muscles of the squid such as the mantle and viscera.  Statocysts are housed in the cartilaginous capsules on both sides of the cranium and serve the purpose of maintaining balance, being the inner ear of fish.  These statocysts aid in providing information to the squid regarding body position, orientation, acceleration, rotation, the influence of gravity, as well as enabling the squid in perceiving incoming vibrations from the surrounding environment (Lenoir et al., 2013).  Great interest is also emerging from hypotheses that link independently evolved similarities in nervous systems of different cephalopods as evidence for convergent evolution (Chung et al., 2020).  One example of this comes in the form of squids' ability to countershade camouflage patterns, displaying different colors on the top and bottom of their bodies.  New networks of neurons could be responsible for these changes, and have prompted further studies into how cephalopod species have evolved to have varying subdivisions of their brain.